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Error References

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Filesystem
Modules
Networking
Permissions
Processes
Tools
System
Error reference section.

Filesystem

df Says, Cannot read table of mounted file systems
There is probably something wrong with your /etc/mtab or /etc/fstab files.
EXT2-fs warning: checktime reached
Kernels from 1.0 onwards support checking a file system based on the elapsed time since the last check as well as by the number of mounts.
EXT2-fs warning: maximal count reached
This message is issued by the kernel when it mounts a file system that's marked as clean, but whose "number of mounts since check" counter has reached the predefined value.
EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked file system
You need to run e2fsck (or fsck -t ext2 if you have the fsck front end program) with the -a option to get it to clear the dirty flag, and then cleanly unmount the partition during each shutdown.
fdisk Says Partition n Has an Odd Number of Sectors
The PC disk partitioning scheme works in 512-byte sectors, but Linux uses 1K blocks.
fdisk Says, "Partition X has different physical/logical..."
If the partition number (X, above) is 1, this is the same problem as in fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary.
fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary
The version of fdisk that comes with many Linux systems creates partitions that fail its own validity checking.
Mtools Utilities Say They Cannot Initialize Drive X
This means that mtools is having trouble accessing the drive.
No Utmp Entry. You Must Exec ... when Logging In
Your /var/run/utmp is screwed up.
You don't exist. Go away.
This is not a viral infection.

Modules

Modprobe Can't Locate Module, XXX, and Similar Messages
These types of messages mostly occur at boot time or shutdown.

Networking

Warning: obsolete routing request made
This is nothing to worry about.

Permissions

FTP server says: "421 service not available, remote server has closed connection."
If an FTP server won't allow logins, it is probably configured correctly, but the problem is probably with authorizing users at login.
Operation not permitted
One or more of the file's or directory's attribute bits are set incorrectly.
Shell-Init: Permission Denied when I Log In
Your root directory and all the directories up to your home directory must be readable and executable by everybody.

Processes

INET: Warning: old style ioctl... called!
You are trying to use the old network configuration utilities.
init: Id "x" respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes
In most distributions this means that the system is booting by default into runlevel 5, which is supposed to respawn (re-start again after it's been exited) a graphical login via xdm, kdm, gdm, or whatever, and the system can't locate the program.
Warning--bdflush Not Running
Modern kernels use a better strategy for writing cached disk blocks.

Tools

GCC Says, Internal compiler error
If the fault is repeatable (i.e., it always happens at the same place in the same file - even after rebooting and trying again, using a stable kernel) you have discovered a bug in GCC.
ld: unrecognized option '-m486'
You have an old version of ld.
Make Says, Error 139
Your compiler (GCC) dumped core.

System

At the Start of Booting: Memory tight
This means that you have an extra-large kernel, which means that Linux has to do some special memory-management magic to be able to boot itself from the BIOS.
programname: error in loading shared libraries: lib xxx..so. x: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
A message like this, when the program that you're trying to run uses shared libraries, usually means one of two things: the program was either compiled on a machine that had a different set of libraries or library paths than yours; or you've upgraded your libraries but not the program.
The System Log Says, end_request: I/O error, ....
This error message, and messages like it, almost always indicate a hardware error with a hard drive.
Unknown Terminal Type linux and Similar
In early kernels the default console terminal type has changed from console to linux.
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